Northrop Grumman developed the Cygnus spacecraft to provide cargo delivery services under a NASA Space Act Agreement that also included SpaceX. The legal framework defines the rights and obligations of each of the countries and their jurisdiction and control with respect to their Space Station elements. The ISS spurred the development of privately-owned space systems for the transportation of cargo and crew by providing companies with funding and opportunity to reach a nearby destination in low Earth orbit. The International Space Station is a co-operative programme between Europe, the United States, Russia, Canada, and Japan for the joint development, operation and utilisation of a permanently inhabited Space Station in low Earth orbit. Bishop is set to support CubeSat deployment, microgravity experiments, Extra Vehicular Activities (EVA) and more. Nanoracks in December 2020 launched its Bishop Airlock to the ISS, the first-ever to be commercially built and operated. CDSE member Nanoracks is at the forefront of commercial small satellite deployment from the ISS, having deployed over 200 privately developed SmallSats from the station’s Japanese module since 2013. This activity allows satellite designers to save on costs by lowering vibration test hurdles and by allowing the satellites to be checked for defects on the ISS before they are placed in orbit. For example, the Station has enabled the deployment of SmallSats from space. The International Space Station has also enabled the expansion of private sector activities that will help advance the economic development of low Earth orbit. CDSE member Made In Space (now part of Redwire) is a pioneer of 3D printing aboard the ISS. An example of this is in-space additive manufacturing (3D printing). The ISS has fostered the development of private sector technologies that will ultimately help with sustainable missions to the Moon and Mars. NASA has also announced it is preparing to build and certify Moon mission spacesuits and perform a demonstration in a spaceflight environment on the International Space Station in 2023.
Technologies that are being tested on the ISS include Environmental Control and Life Support Systems, water and microbial monitoring, robotic assistants, and advanced solar arrays. The Space Station is also a platform for many of the technology demonstrations required for human missions to the Moon and beyond. This international project provided scientists from all over the world an opportunity to conduct research in space regardless of their own countrys space. This includes cognitive and behavioral conditions, sensorimotor alterations, altered immune response, bone fracture, reduced muscle mass and strength, and more. Operated with the support of Coalition for Deep Space Exploration (CDSE) member Boeing, the ISS is an orbiting facility that enables human health research needed for deep space exploration that cannot be simulated in terrestrial environments. The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest human-made object in space. International Space Station as Enabler for Human Deep Space Exploration
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